Thứ Hai, 9 tháng 5, 2016

Practice makes perfect complete french grammar

Introduction Practice Makes Perfect: Complete French Grammar is designed as a review and study tool for the advanced beginner and intermediate student of French. The grammar explanations given in each unit include comparisons that provide ample practice of the material along with appropriate, useful vocabulary. Instructions for each exercise are given in French, enabling the student to anticipate the task that follows while, at the same time, practicing vocabulary in context. The variety of exercises makes them suitable for a range of different learning styles; openended exercises are included to encourage creative answers and to increase confidence in using French for normal everyday communication. Each unit can be studied independently to suit individual needs in a specific area. For the student seeking additional practice at the high school or college level, these units, taken individually or as a whole, provide an opportunity to learn and review French grammar using contemporary language and examples. New vocabulary is incorporated within the exercises or is highlighted in boxes. The glossaries include words appropriate to this level and make it easy to quickly review or learn new vocabulary. Finally, the verb charts serve as a quick grammar reference. Learning another language requires dedication, time, and ultimately, frequent practice. By using what the students already know, by making connections with their first language, and by building on that base, the foundation for their future learning is strengthened. By including a number of cognates of English words in the vocabulary, both advanced beginners and intermediate students are given numerous opportunities to reinforce what they already know as they continue to advance their knowledge of French. ix Copyright © 2008 by Annie Heminway. Click here for terms of use. This page intentionally left blank PRACTICE MAKES PERFEC T Complete French Grammar This page intentionally left blank The present tense of regular -er verbs ·1· Before studying the present tense in French, you need to be familiar with the grammatical terms in chapters presenting verbs. To conjugate a verb in the present tense, you’ll need to find the root (or stem) of a verb to which you’ll add the ending corresponding to the desired tense. The root of the verb is found in its infinitive form. In English, the infinitive is preceded by the preposition to: to say, to wear. Infinitives in French are not preceded by an equivalent of the preposition to. They are identified according to groups by their endings: -er, -ir, -re, -oir. Regular -er verbs in the present Let’s start with the infinitives of verbs of the first group, ending in -er, such as regarder (to look at) and chanter (to sing). Most verbs that end in -er in the infinitive follow the same conjugation. The pattern is easy. You remove the -er ending of the verb to get the root: parler (to speak) Ǟ parl-. Then, you add the endings corresponding to the subject pronoun. The endings for the -er regular verbs are: -e, -es, -e, -ons, -ez, -ent. The -e, -es, and -ent endings of the verbs are all silent. The final -s of nous, vous, ils, elles links with verbs beginning with a vowel sound, making a z sound. This is called a liaison. Let’s conjugate the verb parler (to speak). Note that, as in English, conjugated forms are preceded by a subject pronoun: je parle tu parles il parle elle parle on parle I speak you speak he speaks she speaks one/they/we speak nous parlons vous parlez ils parlent elles parlent we speak you speak they (m., m./f.) speak they (f.) speak Here are some questions using parler: Parlez-vous italien? Combien de langues parles-tu? Do you speak Italian? How many languages do you speak? Chanter (to sing) follows the same pattern: je chante tu chantes il chante elle chante on chante I sing you sing he sings she sings one/they/we sing nous chantons vous chantez ils chantent elles chantent we sing you sing they (m., m./f.) sing they (f.) sing 1 Copyright © 2008 by Annie Heminway. Click here for terms of use. To recapitulate, here are the subject pronouns with their English equivalents: je tu il elle on nous vous ils elles I you (singular familiar) he, it (masculine) she, it (feminine) one, we, they we you (singular formal and all plurals) they (masculine or mixed masculine and feminine) they (feminine) There are two ways of saying you in French. Use tu to talk to friends, family members, children, and animals. Use vous when you are addressing a stranger, someone you don’t know well, or to maintain a certain degree of distance or respect. The pronoun on takes on different meanings. It may mean one, we, or they depending on how it is used. See the examples below. Ici, on parle japonais. On ne devrait pas se comporter ainsi. On va au cinéma ce soir? (familiar) En Espagne, on mange des tapas. On est tous d’accord. (familiar) Japanese is spoken here. One should not behave this way. Shall we go to the movies tonight? In Spain, they eat tapas. We all agree. Here are some common regular -er verbs: accepter aimer annuler apporter attraper augmenter bavarder casser chercher commander couper danser déjeuner demander dessiner donner emprunter enlever étudier exprimer gagner garder habiter laver manger mériter oublier porter prêter 2 practice makes perfect Complete French Grammar to accept to like, to love to cancel to bring to catch to increase to chat to break to look for to order to cut to dance to have lunch to ask to draw to give to borrow to remove to study to express to win, to earn to keep to live to wash to eat to deserve to forget to carry to lend

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