The pronunciation of english a course book

Contents Notes 126 126 126 127 128 129 131 131 132 133 137 138 138 138 138 138 138 139 139 139 139 The Rhythm of English Speech 140 9.1 9.2 Prosody Tone units 9.3 9.4 Stress timing Marked accent: paradigmatic focus 140 143 144 144 146 9B Practice: sentences accented differently 148 Marked accent: syntagmatic focus 148 149 150 151 152 154 156 156 157 157 159 160 161 161 161 161 8D 8E 8E 8F 8G Question: third person present Questions: reduced ‘is’ and ‘has’ Feedback and discussion Question: generative treatment of past tense morpheme Exercise: final clusters 8.2 Morpheme variation 8H Practice: bases in -Cr 8I Practice: bases in -Cl 8J Questions: bases in -mn 8.3 Differences in morpheme division 8.4 Summary 8A 8B 8C 8D 8F 8G 8H 8I 8J 9 ix Feedback Feedback Feedback Feedback Feedback Feedback Feedback Feedback Feedback 9A Practice: dividing an utterance into tone units 9.5 9C Exploration: placing accent in a dialog 9C Feedback and discussion 9.6 9.7 9.8 9.9 A note on ‘too’ and ‘either’ De-accenting: anaphoric words Lexical anaphora De-accenting to embed an additional message 9D Exploration: differences in de-accenting 9E Practice: creating different dialogs 9.10 9.11 Accent on operators Summary 9A 9B 9D 9E Notes Feedback Feedback Feedback Feedback x 10 Contents Intonation 163 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 Intonation and perception The falling tunes The rising tunes Comparisons Compound tunes 10.6 Summary Notes 163 166 167 168 171 173 175 175 177 178 Predicting Word Stress 179 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 179 180 182 182 182 184 184 185 186 186 187 188 188 189 189 189 190 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 196 196 197 197 197 197 197 10A 10B 10A 11 Practice: utterances that differ in intonation Additional practice: three dialogs Feedback Is stress predictable? Stress rules Neutral suffixes Tonic endings The basic stress rule for verbs 11A Exercise with verbs 11.6 The basic stress rule for nouns 11.7 Rules for adjectives 11B Exercise with nouns 11C Exercise with adjectives 11D Question 11.8 Extending the basic stress rules 11E 11F 11.9 Discovery exercise Practice Some variations in stress 11G Questions 11H What do you say? 11.10 Mixed endings 11.11 Some ‘special’ endings 11I 11J 11K 11L Question Practice Exercise Formulate the rule 11.12 Summary 11A 11B 11C 11D 11E 11F 11G Feedback Feedback Feedback Feedback Feedback Feedback Feedback Contents Notes 197 198 198 198 199 199 Prefixes, Compound Words, and Phrases 200 12.1 Notes 200 201 201 202 203 204 204 206 209 212 213 215 216 217 219 220 220 220 220 221 221 221 222 222 Phonological Processes in Speech 223 13.1 223 228 229 233 234 235 238 239 239 239 11H 11I 11J 11K 11L 12 12.2 Practice: compound nouns Practice: compound verbs, nouns, and adverbs Practice: structure trees Compounds and phrases 12D 12E 12.3 12.4 Feedback Feedback Feedback Feedback Feedback Compounds 12A 12B 12C Practice: compounds and phrases What do you say? Compound verbs Prefixes 12F 12G Questions: stress in verbs Exploration: stress in related verbs and nouns 12.5 Greek-type compounds 12.6 12.7 A rhythm rule Summary 12H 12A 12B 12C 12D 12E 12F 12G 12H 13 xi Question Questions Exploration: homophones? More about phonological processes 13D 13E 13.3 Feedback Feedback Feedback Feedback Feedback Feedback Feedback Feedback Full forms and reduced forms 13A 13B 13C 13.2 Question Exploration Questions Summary 13A 13B Feedback Feedback xii Contents Notes 239 241 241 241 Phonological Processes and the Lexicon 242 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 Words and morphemes that change Underlying forms and lexical processes Checked vowel reduction Palatalization 14.5 Alternation with zero 14.6 Spirantization 14.7 Velar softening 242 245 246 247 248 249 251 251 252 253 253 254 255 256 256 257 260 260 262 264 265 265 266 266 268 268 268 269 269 269 271 271 271 272 13C 13D 13E 14 14A 14B 14C 14D Feedback Feedback Feedback Practice Problem Exercises Practice 14.8 The sequence of rules 14.9 Change in voice 14E 14F Problem Questions 14.10 The vowel shift rule 14G Practice 14.11 Free and checked vowels 14H Practice 14.12 More about augments 14I 14.13 Exercise Applications 14J Practice 14.14 Summary 14A Feedback 14B Feedback 14C Feedback 14D Feedback 14E Feedback 14F Feedback 14G Feedback 14I Feedback 14J Feedback Notes Appendix: A List of Word-endings and their Effects on Stress 1 Neutral suffixes 2 Tonic endings 273 273 275 Contents xiii 3 Heavy endings 4 Light endings 5 Posttonic suffixes 6 Some special suffixes 275 277 279 279 Glossary of Technical Terms Bibliography Index 284 296 303 Preface to the Second Edition When I wrote The Pronunciation of English fifteen years ago, I expected that it would serve as a textbook for advanced students of English and linguistics, many of whom were preparing for a career as teachers of English as a second or foreign language. My aim was to present the facts of pronunciation in the principal native-speaker varieties of the language and to use generative phonology as the theoretical basis for the presentation. I hoped for a double accomplishment: to give students who are not native speakers of English a better ‘feel’ for the spoken language, and to lead native speakers to a more specific awareness of the knowledge they acquired early in life. The present edition has the same general purpose. The method of presenting the material also remains the same. In the original preface I wrote: I believe that learning linguistics requires a heavy involvement with data. The student needs to do analysis, going from observed facts to general statements and then testing these with more observations. More than 80 exercises scattered throughout the book are meant to lead the student to participate continually in the development of the topics treated. Innovations in the present edition are due mostly to the feedback I have received from those who used the earlier work in teaching and/or studying. I have tried to incorporate the perspectives achieved in the ‘new phonologies’ of the past decade and a half, but most of what is new in this second edition has a pedagogic purpose: deletion of some material that turned out to be unnecessary, more attention to the definition of technical terms, more charts and figures to illustrate, and a glossary. I am grateful to all who have commented on the earlier edition and to the Blackwell staff for their smooth efficiency in producing this book. Responsibility for the contents rests with me, of course. C. W. K.